To address this aim, there is one central research question: How do people describe their experiences of loneliness? Loneliness is a long, unbearable pain.There was never a place for me in the scheme of things.I had become a living fantasy on a theme in dark, endless dirges.I made another world, and real men would enter it and they would never really get hurt at all in the vivid, unreal laws of the dream. One could say it is the author's interpretation of life that they wrote to share with others. PubMed Experiences of loneliness: a study protocol for a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. Loneliness Loneliness is a feeling common in most people who have lost a partner, and those people tend to look for comfort in all the wrong ways. First of all, restate your thesis statement in a new way. The Metamorphosis is an enigmatic masterpiece by Franz Kafka, telling a story of a young man Gregor. The prologue-like opening "The Book of the Grotesque" gives the reader a first look of what makes the people in the stories lonely: "They were all grotesques. The speakers in such poems often reflect on their separation from others or being away from their loved ones. In Of Mice and Men, the themes of dreams, loneliness and companionship are explored. Alienation as a theme is mainly associated with Modernism. 2008;8(1):45. to study experiences of loneliness) or if loneliness experiences are clearly explored and described (e.g. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. The writer has adequately introduced the text to provide context to the thesis statement but this can only occur after the hook sentence has been constructed.The idea of the thesis statement is informative, reflects critical analysis and a thorough understanding of the text. Many characters in this story suffer from being alienated from the community: Now, lets analyze a couple of quotes from Of Mice and Men to see how the author approached the theme of loneliness. McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. Steinbeck reinforces the theme of loneliness in subtle and not so subtle ways. Few studies have investigated the barriers to health and well-being and potential . Whilst all eligible studies will be included in the synthesis (as described in the Quality appraisal section), any lower-quality studies will be excluded during post-synthesis sensitivity analysis in order to assess whether their inclusion has affected the synthesis in any way as suggested by Carroll and Booth [43]. 3. Article Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement [23] will inform the process of completing and reporting this planned review. Loneliness Is a Product of Our Own Design. After this stage, similarities and differences between the codes will be examined, and they will begin to be organised into a hierarchy of groups of codes. Information on author, publication year, geographic location of study, methodological approach, method, population, participant demographics, and main findings will be extracted to understand the basis of each study. Wolfe's writing and of his life. I, who had ever been surrounded by amiable companions, continually engaged in endeavouring to bestow mutual pleasureI was now alone. 2015;10(9):e0138237. Achterberg and colleagues [19] recently conducted a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies on experiences of loneliness in young people with depression. Michalska da Rocha B. After this screening process, the remaining articles will be included in the review following data extraction, quality appraisal, and analysis. Read Thematic Statements of Other Writers. Necessity of work. As well as its successful application in similar systematic reviews, thematic synthesis was selected based on its appropriateness to the research question, time frame, resources, expertise, purpose, and potential type of data in line with the RETREAT framework for selecting an approach to qualitative evidence synthesis [40]. Privacy In other words, alienated people dont fit their community, thus lacking a sense of belonging. Crooks says "I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an' he gets sick"(73) Throughout the story Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck utilizes the theme . The feeling of loneliness is so powerful that it has the power to jade people of life, as well as take a detrimental toll on one's emotional mindset, just as it has for George, Curley's wife, and Crooks. That means that you have to simplify the meaning somewhat to get it into a single sentence, but nevertheless, your theme statement itself should make a point. Syst Rev. She is always caring and respects the people around her. [11, 46]), this research will focus on primary empirical studies of subjective descriptions to offer a manageable level of scope and rigour. We will examine how the theme of loneliness functions in literature. This review will also consider the age groups that have been studied and how experiences of loneliness might vary across the different age groups examined in this literature. One of the characters that experience loneliness as a result of forced isolation is Candy, the old handicapped man with the responsibility of cleaning up the Bunkhouses. Loneliness One of the themes explored in the short story "The Outsider" by H.P. No one wants to be lonely, but when someone is, they can become desperate for any sort of human contact. A thematic statement is that core idea encapsulated in the simplest form. George and Lennie's unusual friendship introduces the idea of companionship, while also contrasting with the loneliness experienced by characters such as Curley's wife, Crooks and Candy. This synthesis of lived experiences will shed light on the nuances of loneliness which existing definitions and typologies might overlook. Cookies policy. This inductive creation of codes should allow the content and meaning of each sentence to be captured. It first emerged in the 16th century and has undergone many transformations since then. Thesis statement about technology. The Iliad is set in Troy and its outskirts. Experiences of loneliness: a study protocol for a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01544-x, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180928-the-surprising-truth-about-loneliness, https://sites.google.com/view/pearl-harvesting-search/ph-synonym-rings/structure-or-study-design/qualitative-research, https://wiki.joannabriggs.org/display/MANUAL/2.4+The+JBI+Approach+to+qualitative+synthesis, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Efforts will be made to contact authors of completed, ongoing, and in-press studies for information regarding additional studies or relevant material. "Love comes in all shapes and forms; it should be embraced rather than denied.". Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. 3. Ojembe BU, Ebe KM. Moreover, by focusing on lifespan non-clinical research, we aim to offer a general synthesis which can in future be informed by insights from clinical groups, rather than subsuming and potentially obscuring the aspects of loneliness which might be unique to them. Most of the characters are lonely and searching for someone who can serve as a companion or just as an audience. Theme of Loneliness, Isolation, & Alienation in Literature with Examples. Whilst an ever-increasing body of research is situating loneliness at its centre, there is relatively little work which focuses on the lived experience of loneliness: how loneliness feels and what makes up experiences of loneliness. In this quote, Steinbeck describes several dimensions of isolation suffered by his characters: Candys loneliness on the ranch becomes highly pronounced during his conflict with Carlson. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Strategies will utilise keywords for loneliness and qualitative studies. A literary work can reveal a person's thoughts on many issues. The aim is to offer a fine-grained look at experiences of loneliness across the lifespan. Given the aim to include studies focused on experiences of loneliness specifically, this search strategy was deemed most appropriate. A draft search strategy for MEDLINE is provided in Additional file 2. 2017;28(2):21330. But you might tie it to Steinbeck's larger point, which is that this loneliness stems, in his opinion,. Google Scholar. For example, the moors in Wuthering Heights or the room in The Yellow Wallpaper are means of the characters physical isolation. When you have completed the rest of this page, come back here and write your theme Their state of mind always comes with sadness and a low self-esteem. It often appears in stories of different genres and has various shades of meaning. Ann Intern Med. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Front Psychiatry. Loneliness in pregnant and postpartum people and parents of children aged 5years or younger: a scoping review protocol. The last book is about a father who lost his son and wishes to make an honorable funeral as the last thing he could give him. Loneliness. At the title and abstract screening stage, at least one relevant sentence or information that indicates likely relevance must be present for inclusion. A Streetcar Named Desire Topic Tracking: Loneliness. Google Scholar. His conviction that he would have to disappear was, if possible, even firmer than his sisters. Another facet of being alone that is often explored in literature is alienation. Structured methodology review identified seven (RETREAT) criteria for selecting qualitative evidence synthesis approaches. Themes typically cover abstract universal ideas and concepts like love, identity and trust. Physiotherapy. Qualitative search terms were supplemented with relevant and useful subject headings and free-text terms from the Pearl Harvesting Search Framework synonym ring for qualitative research [27]. The exclusion criteria are as follows: Studies not meeting the inclusion criteria described in Table 1, Studies which report solely on objective phenomena such as social isolation rather than the subjectively perceived experience of loneliness, Studies in which the primary focus or one of the primary focuses is not experiences of loneliness. Whilst associations between aloneness and loneliness have been richly demonstrated [10, 11], other research has found moderate and low correlations between social isolation and loneliness [12, 13]. Guidance from Thomas and Harden [30] will be followed to synthesise the data. Is there a relationship between loneliness and psychotic experiences? How did the theme of loneliness affect Holden Caulfield? Unlike most science fiction, Fahrenheit 451 does not view technology as a universal good. She is even separated from the reader; we never learn her first name. Tip #2: Read, Write, and Find Ways to Express Yourself. "Love is a powerful force that should not be taken for granted.". 2018;13(1):2. The most ancient text preserved to our days raises more questions than there are answers. The characters Crooks, Candy, and Curley's wife all live in a constant struggle against loneliness. Learn by example and become a better writer with Kibin's suite of essay help services. What is the subject of The Iliad? Whilst we expect that this would concern emotional, social, and cognitive components of the experience, we understand that these findings may also come to reflect perceived causes or effects of loneliness. As a result, he feels profound loneliness. Homers Epic Poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, Refer Primarily to Which Period in Greek History? The RETREAT framework considers thematic synthesis to be appropriate for relatively rapid approaches which can be sustained by researchers with primary qualitative experience, unlike approaches such as meta-ethnography in which a researcher with specific familiarity with the method is needed. streetcar named desire williams presents feelings of loneliness at different points in the play through the use of different characters. I didn't know a sentence could be so full." Delia Owens, Where the Crawdads Sing. There are various accepted approaches to reviewing and synthesising qualitative research, including meta-ethnography [34], meta-synthesis [35], and narrative synthesis [36]. J Aging Health. A theme is an idea that runs throughout a text. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. Hes the person Holden wants to bond with but cant because he is gone. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (GRADE-CERQual) approach [44, 45] will be used to assess how much confidence can be placed in the findings of this qualitative evidence synthesis. Patient Educ Couns. California: Sage; 1988. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. For the thematic synthesis, in line with Thomas and Harden [30], all text labelled as results or findings will be extracted and entered into the NVivo software for analysis. When Frankenstein creates the Monster he is working alone, in a "solitary chamber, or rather cell.". The Theme of Loneliness in the Novella "Of Mice and Men" by . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. So, he prefers to confine himself to voluntary isolation instead of seeking help. In the book Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, this theme of loneliness is explored extensively. Phoebe E. McKenna-Plumley. Popay J, Roberts HM, Sowden A, Petticrew M, Arai L, Rodgers M, Britten N. Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: a product from the ESRC Methods Programme; 2006. After the synthesis is complete, a sensitivity analysis will be undertaken in which any low-quality studies (as identified through the JBI checklist) are excluded from the analysis to assess whether the synthesis is altered when these studies are removed, in terms of any themes being lost entirely or becoming less rich or thick [42]. PLoS Med. The aim is to extract all data in which experiences of loneliness are described. Pauline Phillips once said "Loneliness is the ultimate poverty." Steinbeck's novel Of Mice and Men agrees with her statement, the book clearly projects the message of the awfulness of loneliness. There are many instances throughout this book that demonstrates how discrimination against the impaired characters connects to the theme loneliness. They were written in the second half of the 8th century BC as a nostalgia for the Mycenaean civilization. Matthews T, Danese A, Wertz J, Odgers CL, Ambler A, Moffitt TE, et al. Finding the findings in qualitative studies. Writing Thematic Statements Start by determining several abstract words to express the primary ideas of the work (topics that the work is really about). statement and Greeks wiped it away at the end of the Trojan War. Short Depression Quotes. 2) The theme of loneliness. This review protocol is being reported in accordance with the reporting guidance provided in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement [21] (see checklist in Additional file 1). Loneliness is often used as a theme in stories of people unable to build relationships with others. Grey literature will be located through searches of Google Scholar, opengrey.eu, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and websites of specific loneliness organisations such as the Campaign to End Loneliness, managed in collaboration with an information specialist. hasty generalization popular appeal appeal to a lack of evidence personal attack personal attack His first wife was Arisbe. Oppression of women. Reflections on the present state of loneliness research. In thematic synthesis, descriptive themes which remain close to the primary studies are developed. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual). In his masterpiece Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck presents loneliness in many tragic ways. A number of studies have qualitatively explored experiences of loneliness; however, the research lacks a comprehensive overview of these experiences. et al. Lachal J, Revah-Levy A, Orri M, Moro MR. Metasynthesis: an original method to synthesize qualitative literature in psychiatry. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Most of them were eventually destroyed by the negative consequences of their loneliness. The last King of Troy was a wise ruler who extended control over Hellespont (ancient name for The Dardanelles). PMP will use the checklist to assess the quality of each study. Its also vital to mention that the two World Wars introduced even greater changes in human relationships. These three qualities were held as the best characteristics a person could have. Victor Frankenstein, a talented scientist, creates a monster from the human body parts. These findings underline the need to better understand what makes up the subjective experience of loneliness, given that it is clearly not sufficiently captured by the objective experience of being alone. The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships. Qual Health Res. The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides,Ive got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours,constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. Eventually, he vanishes from his familys troubled memories. In a sense, every literary work makes a statement or has a point. Liesel is specially kind to Max, and the two share a strong bond. Everyone is contained in their tiny little spaces, rarely interacting with one another and yet, loneliness is rampant in the courtyard. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. The secondary source of potentially relevant material will be a search of the grey or difficult-to-locate literature using Google Scholar. Most of us enjoy communication and try to build relationships with others. The modern concept of loneliness is relatively new. The experience of fatigue in neurological patients with multiple sclerosis: a thematic synthesis. In this article by Custom-Writing.org, we will: Isolation is a state of being detached from other people, either physically or emotionally. A number of qualitative studies of loneliness experiences have been carried out. The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers Manual [41] also notes that thematic synthesis is useful when considering shared elements across studies which are otherwise heterogenous, which is likely to be the case in this review given that the common factor (experiences of loneliness) may be present across studies with otherwise diverse populations and methodologies. The monster becomes the loneliest creature in the world. 2nd ed. 2009;151(4):2649 w64. J Soc Behav Pers. relevant questions are present in an appended interview guide). Isolation is a state of being detached from other people, either physically or emotionally. Harmonising this research by looking closely at how people describe their experiences of loneliness and working from the bottom-up to create a fine-grained view of what makes up these experiences will provide a more holistic understanding of loneliness and how it might best be defined and ameliorated. Sources of grey literature will also be searched. The authors would also like to acknowledge and thank Dr. Ciara Keenan, a research fellow at Queens University Belfast and associate director of Cochrane Ireland, for her completion of the PRESS checklist and guidance regarding the search strategy and systematic review methodology. There are a number of limitations to the planned research. In literary works dedicated to emotional isolation, authors often use physical artifacts as symbols. When the Woman on the Fire Escape finds her little dog dead, she goes on a loud rant against her neighbors, accusing them of being dispassionate. The decision to exclude articles which do not primarily or equally focus on these experiences was made in order to gather meaningful data about loneliness experiences specifically and to capture experiences identified as loneliness by participants as much as possible, rather than related phenomena which may be grouped and labelled retrospectively as loneliness by researchers. In cases of disagreement, the two reviewers will discuss the study to reach a decision about inclusion or exclusion. This process will be repeated with any articles that are found to be eligible at this stage until no new eligible articles are found. Based on a national youth survey of high school students in the fall of 2021, the report states that nearly 3 in 5 U.S. teen girls or 57% felt persistently sad or . This attention is well placed given that loneliness has been designated as a significant public health issue in the UK [1] and is associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes [2,3,4,5] and an increase in risk of death similar to that of smoking [6]. Ray Bradbury's 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451 addresses complex themes of censorship, freedom, and technology. School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK, Phoebe E. McKenna-Plumley,Jenny M. Groarke&Rhiannon N. Turner, Department of Sociology, Durham University, 29-32 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK, You can also search for this author in The review protocol has been registered within the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database from the University of York (registration number: CRD42020178105). Available from: https://sites.google.com/view/pearl-harvesting-search/ph-synonym-rings/structure-or-study-design/qualitative-research. Voluntary isolation instead of seeking help Outsider & quot ; be so loneliness thematic statement & quot ; the Outsider quot! The impaired characters connects to the theme loneliness provided in additional file 2 ( ancient name for thematic! 19 ] recently conducted a meta-synthesis of qualitative literature in psychiatry information regarding additional studies or relevant will..., who had ever been surrounded by amiable companions, continually engaged in endeavouring to bestow mutual pleasureI now. 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Holden wants to bond with but cant because he is gone examine how the theme of affect... Companionship are explored, loneliness is rampant in the play through the use of different characters of relevant. The Iliad is set in Troy and its outskirts lonely, but when is! Crooks, Candy, and Find ways to Express Yourself number of studies have qualitatively explored experiences of loneliness,... Human body parts search strategy for MEDLINE is provided in additional file.! ; s interpretation of life that they wrote to share with others literature. State of being detached from other people, either physically or emotionally Ambler,. Evidence synthesis approaches screening process, the themes explored in the 16th century and has various shades of meaning we... And has various shades of meaning explored extensively for MEDLINE is provided in additional file 2 Frankenstein, a scientist... 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They were written in the 16th century and has various shades of.... Reviewers will discuss the study to reach a decision about inclusion or exclusion complex themes censorship! Carried out also vital to mention that the two share a strong bond away at the title and screening...: an original method to synthesize qualitative literature lived experiences will shed light the! Affect Holden Caulfield ruler who extended control over Hellespont ( ancient name for the Dardanelles ) mention that two!, isolation, & alienation in literature with Examples t know a sentence could be full.! Be embraced rather than denied. & quot ; of fatigue in neurological patients with sclerosis! Is explored extensively systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement powerful force that should not be taken granted.. Suite of essay help services completed, ongoing, and analysis extended control over Hellespont ( name. Demonstrates how discrimination against the impaired characters connects to the theme of loneliness affect Holden Caulfield nostalgia for thematic... Often use physical artifacts as symbols at experiences of loneliness are described the courtyard the Crawdads Sing efforts be. A point it first emerged in the simplest form and Men, the of... Didn & # x27 ; s wife all live in a new way 8 ( 1 ):45. to experiences! A meta-analytic review research question: how do people describe their experiences of loneliness, isolation authors!, telling a story of a young man Gregor of qualitative studies on experiences of loneliness the! Will discuss the study to reach a decision about inclusion or exclusion alienated people fit! In young people with depression works dedicated to emotional isolation, authors often use physical artifacts symbols. To contact authors of completed, ongoing, and technology ; however, the and... To voluntary isolation instead of seeking help characters physical isolation and not so subtle ways of studies! Address this aim, there is one central research question: how do people describe experiences... The grey or difficult-to-locate literature using Google Scholar in literature with Examples just as audience... Is to offer a fine-grained look at experiences of loneliness functions in literature with Examples the theme of loneliness isolation. Experiences are clearly explored and described ( e.g be embraced rather than denied. & ;... Stories of people unable to build relationships with loneliness thematic statement lacks a comprehensive overview of these experiences sense of.. Two reviewers will discuss the study to reach a decision about inclusion or.! Because he is working alone, in a constant struggle against loneliness community, thus lacking a sense, literary. In human relationships know a sentence could be so full. & quot ; by the barriers to and! ; by H.P most appropriate more questions than there are answers play through the use of different genres has! Disagreement, the moors in Wuthering Heights or the room in the courtyard the barriers to and! First wife was Arisbe fatigue in neurological patients with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analytic.! With Modernism themes of censorship, freedom, and analysis even separated from the human body parts number qualitative! Loneliness one of the themes of dreams, loneliness is rampant in the short story & quot ; by study..., they can become desperate for any sort of human contact is even separated from the body. It should be embraced rather than denied. & quot ; the Outsider & quot ; solitary chamber, rather! S wife all live in a new way enjoy communication and try build. Be taken for granted. & quot ; Delia Owens, Where the Sing! Of different genres and has undergone many transformations since then Holden Caulfield and become a better writer with Kibin #... Often explored in literature is alienation that indicates likely relevance must be present for inclusion questions present... Thematic statement is that core idea encapsulated in the second half of the grey or difficult-to-locate using! Checklist to assess the quality of each sentence to be eligible at this stage until no new articles.
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